Abstract Expressionism Essay Example For Students

Abstract Expressionism Essay What about the reality of the everyday world and the reality of painting? They are not the same realities. What is this creative thing that you have struggled to get and where did it come from? What reference or value does it have, outside of the painting itself? Ad Reinhardt, in a group discussion at Studio 35, in 1950. My essay starts with the origin and the birth of this great expression in the twentieth century. This movement not only touched painting, it had an affect on various aspects of art- poetry, architecture, theater, film, photography. Vasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian are considered to be the pioneer artists to have achieved a truly abstract visual language in painting. Although they worked independently, these artists were united by a belief that abstract painting was capable of evoking a spiritual experience. A central figure of German Expressionism, Kandinsky, in 1911, began to paint densely layered composition of free-floating lines and areas of color, with the intention to reveal his desire to instill visual form with the properties of music. To examine the transitional phase bridging these two movements, we must first define what cultural and artistic shifts are. According to T.S Eliot, culture includes all the characteristic activities of a people: Derby Daythe pin tablenineteenth-century Gothic churches and the music of Elgarwhat is part of our culture is also a part of our lived religion. 1 Therefore, a shift in culture would denote a change in the qualities of a person or society arising from a concern for what is reckoned as excellent in arts, manners and scholarly pursuits.2 On the other hand, art defined on its own represents the satisfaction of aesthetic standards and sensibilities through an appreciation of beauty or good taste; at the same time, it is the demonstration of the ability to create with excellence. 3 Thence, an artistic shift would mean a transition in both aesthetic values and styles, as well as creative techniques. Let us consider the causes of these changes. Art is most often affected by the culture of the society that creates it. It is intertwined with politics, and sometimes functions as a political commentary or critique. Art aims to be an expression of political discourse as the ultimate means of emancipation-absolute freedom from commodification, if such is still possible. Art is a critical necessity as long as it fights being a part of the spectacle, as it aims to turn the spectacle upside down, in order to expose the culture industry. Politics, in many ways, acts as a catalyst to cultural and artistic developments. A cultural shift is often induced by a change in sociopolitical atmosphere. This was evident in the cultural shift between the period of Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art. During the period immediately after World War Two, disgust at war, and the emerging Cold War prompted society to turn to an anti-materialistic, apolitical lifestyle. They became more concerned with what lays within, exploring the idea of purity, hence their interest for the so-called High Art represented by Abstract Expressionists such as Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning and Hans Hofmann. The regard for purity in the soul was expressed by non-figurative, expressive action paintings often associated and concerned with colours, lines and shapes. Unlike Abstract Expressionism, when the heyday of Pop Art arrived, spearheaded by such champions as Warhol, (with America enjoying great success in its post-war boom and Cold War strategies against USSR), the whole of the United States was engrossed in its flourishing economy and mass culture. It was a time during which popular prints were instrumental in helping to shape the perceptions of the vast majority.4 Ever since the end of World War Two, periodic political and economical upheavals have marked the emergence of the American art. The previously dominant European art world began to evolve around American art since the late 1940s, creating a brand new artistic and cultural atmosphere for the American artists. Though American artists shared a similar global reality with the Europeans, their socio-political circumstances differed.5 Unlike the European states, the United States of America had sustained minimal moral and physical damage during the war. This however, nurtured a culture of apolitical apathy among the ordinary Americans who became much concerned with the search for self-enrichment. Impression, Sunrise EssayHaving understood the pre Cold War atmosphere in America, it may be seen that the artists profession was, in itself, a magnet for suspicion. If you were a modernist, then according to Michigan Congressman George E. Dondero, you were an international art thug working in un-American Communistic styles.6 Therefore, any suggestion of being associated with liberal causes could result in accusations of disloyalty to the American way. Thus it was prudent to avoid political controversy in ones art. The resultant artistic focus on purely personal truths was expressed in the essence of the later Abstract Expressionist works. Contrast this with Pop Art, which celebrated post-war consumerism, as the post-war economic boom resulted in an era of glitz and consumerism. It created a generation in which anything and everything was available on the open market. In the 1960s, at the height of the Cold War politics, many were concerned with popular cultures political as opposed to aesthetic impact.7 The age of Pop Art on the other hand, turned this idea around. As Sontags stated in the essay One Culture and the New Sensibility8, the dizzying rate of cultural and technological change had produced a new (potentially unitary) sensibility, one that emerged from the breakdown of old cultural boundaries-between science and art, high culture and low. There arenew standards of beauty and style and tasteFrom the vantage point of this new sensibility, the beauty of a machine or of the solution to a mathematical problem, of a painting by Jasper Johns, of a file by Jean-Luc Godard, and of the personalities and music of the Beatles is equally accessible.Thus far, we have discussed the nature of the cultural shift between the two movements. We must now turn our study to the artistic shift, the product of the intangible change in social culture through the decades.

Importance of the Medical Records in Medicine

A medical record generally represents information concerning a patient that is written following a patient’s visit to health care facilities. The record contains the medical history of a patient as well as all the treatment procedures and methods that are carried out while in hospital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of the Medical Records in Medicine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a significant document because it assists in making medical decisions as well as sharing the responsibility with the patient. Bearing in mind that it is a legal document, it can be used to protect both the patient and the doctor while in court. In addition, it has got a legal obligation since it can be used to file a case. The document can be written in different forms and most importantly, there are different systems used in the same which are inclusive of PIE charting, traditional narrative, charting by exce ption as well as source oriented and problem oriented (Iyer, Levin, Shea, 2006). With that background in mind, this paper shall discuss the legal advantages and disadvantages of PIE charting and problem oriented systems. Problem oriented is a system that uses a format known as SOAP. The word SOAP represents the subjective data, objective data, assessment as well as the health care plan (Iyer, Levin, Shea, 2006). The usage of the method started in 1960s and it was an improvement of the narrative method which was being used initially. Bearing in mind that the method enables medical care professionals to create a problem list indicating all the problems of the patient, it is very beneficial in the legal process since it displays all the medical problems of a patient. It reduces the chances of misdiagnosis and hence reduces medical errors; therefore, legally, it reduces the chances of a medical professional going to court due to errors committed during treatment. In addition, the medi cal professional can still have enough information to explain why different treatment procedures are undertaken. However, the system is disadvantageous based on the fact that it is cumbersome. However, incase the patient attends different hospitals; it becomes difficult to have a comprehensive record that is necessary during legal processes (Post Harrison, 2006). PIE charting is a method that is not as popular as other methods. The word PIE basically means documenting of patients records, evaluation, as well as all the interventions. The method came in to being in the year 1984 and was meant to eliminate the care plan that existed initially (Iyer, Levin, Shea, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although PIE charting has got several advantages, the most important benefit in the legal set up is the fact that it is comprehensive as it contains interventions, evaluations as w ell as the diagnosis. In addition, it is very significant in the legal process due to the fact that evaluation is done systematically. On the other hand, there are disadvantages of PIE charting especially in reference to the legal arena. For example, the method leaves out some important procedures like the planning process which may be very important in the legal processes. Failure to access some information during the legal process may interfere with the whole process since all information from the initial step is important to help in making legal decisions (American Health Information Management Association Roach, 2006). As highlighted in the introductory part, medical records are used for various purposes but are very vital in legal processes. However, despite the fact that all methods try to capture the same information, recording is done differently and in different formats. In consequential, all methods have got particular advantages and disadvantages. More specifically, for legal purposes, the study has illustrated that some methods have got advantages as well as the disadvantages. For example, while the problem oriented is easier to understand since it contains a problem list, the PIE chart is disadvantageous due to the fact that it omits some specific information that may be important. Therefore, it is explicit that all methods have got advantages and disadvantage which are dependent on the purpose of the medical record as well as on other factors ( PKC Corporation n.d. ) References PKC Corporation. (n.d.). A Problem Oriented Approach to the Computerized Patient Record. Web. American Health Information Management Association Roach, W. H. ( 2006). Medical records and the law. New York: Jones Bartlett Learning. Iyer, P. W., Levin, B. J., Shea, M. A. (2006). Medical legal aspects of medical records. Tucson: Lawyers Judges Publishing Company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of the Medical Records in Medicine specific ally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Post, A., Harrison, J. ( 2006). Data Acquisition Behaviors during Inpatient Results Review: Implications for Problem-oriented Data Displays. American Medical Informatics Association , 644–648. This essay on Importance of the Medical Records in Medicine was written and submitted by user Blakely D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Benefits of the internet

Benefits of the internet Internet is needed in our day-to-day lives. Globally, the use of internet has become very popular especially in this modern century, where the technology has advanced in all aspects. It is even hard to imagine living in a world without internet, Activities all over would be chaotic to an extent of even affecting the global economy (Barron 112).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benefits of the internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is enough proof that the whole of humanity is directly related with the use of internet. According to several research done, it is evident that internet has both advantages and disadvantages. However, there are solutions to overcome the problems that may arise from the use of internet, or rather prevent those problems from occurring. Communication is one of the main benefits received from using internet services. People in the whole world enjoy convenience in communication, entertainment is brought nearer to them, and they can now access the latest news through the internet. Currently it the fastest means of passing information from one point to the other. Most of people prefer using emails to pass messages, as it is convenient and fast. One of the uniqueness of using internet to communicate is that, there are no barriers, as people can connect easily at any place and all the time (Berre 341). Businesses have something to celebrate about, because the executives make use of the internet to pass their information as quick as possible. In the well established companies, the top management initiates the use of teleconference through the use of webcams, to conduct meetings with other executives when discussing crucial issues. Through the use of teleconference, companies are in a position to save money and time. Through the use of the most recent website known as â€Å"face book,† social communication has become very popular. Most of people are using this website to keep in touch with their friends, as well as search for their old friends. For the people who lost contacts long time ago, a solution is now found through face book, as people can always reunite. People chat on the net, and feel being part of one another by viewing the profile of one another, where the current activities of every person are indicated (Meersman 65). A big percentage of people in the world have proved to be users of this website, an indication that the whole world has been brought together by net.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of having so many users of this social website, employers are putting job adverts in it, where they can get the best candidate for their vacancies. This has helped so many job seekers to secure some form of employment, hence promoting the global economy. Once an advert is put on net, the company or the ind ividual responsible is so sure that, the information has reached the relevant people. Entertainment is another major benefit of using internet. By just clicking to access the services of internet, there are so many movies available in â€Å"you tube† websites, which can be used for entertainment (Meersman 76). All television and radio programs can also be watched and viewed through the net respectively. When employees are in the office doing their daily activities, they can on the other hand be listening to their favorite radio or television programs through their computer nets. There is no need of having radios and televisions in an office, as everything can be accessed through the net. All types of movies meant for entertainment can be watched anywhere, at any time, as long as one is connected with internet. The era when people could only watch movies through television is past, and people now are embracing this change with much happiness, as there are no limitations to ent ertainment. When at home, in office, or when traveling one can have entertainment as he or she wishes through the use of net. The use of internet in the banking sector has saved people the great agony of spending time in banking halls. Some years back, people could only access their money through visiting bank branches. In every banking hall, a long queue of clients waiting to be served was the issue every day. A client could spend much time on the queue waiting to be served (Berre 287). Nowadays, internet banking serves clients quickly through safe bank transactions. The biggest percentages of banking services are offered through internet banking such as withdrawals, deposits, bill payments, and transfers. Internet banking is also very convenient to the clients, as it offers the services throughout the 24 hours. Any time of the day or night, a client can receive the services he or she requires from the bank. International market has been greatly promoted by the use of internet. It is evident that, some people lack time to go shop for all the items they require. Most of people spend their daytime in offices, and evening hours are for them to have time with their families. Due to such challenges of having a tight schedule, most of people have turned to internet shopping, where one can buy everything he or she deserves through online.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Benefits of the internet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consumers prefer online shopping, as it saves much of their time and the prices are low compared to the actual prices at the stores. Business people have also found it relevant, as they display all their products and prices for their customers to have a wide range to choose from. Educational sector has a lot to enjoy from the use of internet. Learners have an opportunity of getting useful materials from the net. Almost every subject has some important materials that c an be found on the net. Educators also prepare some course outlines, and distribute them to students through online. Students globally, find a good place to conference and collaborate with one another, as they share their learning experiences (Barron 106). Whatever the students learn from class, they then find all the relevant materials to handle their assignments and to advance their grades. Through the use of electronic libraries, students all over the world have enjoyed the availability of educational materials. According to most of the research done, it is evident that some students are pursuing their bachelor or masters degrees through online programs offered by some higher institutions of learning. The education sector has advanced and developed a great deal, through the use internet. In conclusion, everyone is enjoying the services of internet all over the world. Through easier communication, any sector has benefited in one way or another. The distance that has been a challen ge to effective communication was eliminated by use of internet (Barron 115). An open opportunity was created to all people to communicate, watch, and get entertained together with their friends and families. Internet offers cheap and fastest communication compared to other means of communication. It is the most reliable way of one to keep in touch with friends and family. Barron, Ann. Technologies for education: a practical guide. New York: Libraries Unlimited, 2002.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Berre, Arne. Future Internet-FIS 2010: Third future internet symposium, Berlin,  Germany. Michigan: Springer, 2010. Meersman, Robert. On the move to meaningful internet systems. Benefits of  internet (2009): 50-95.

Hip hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hip hop - Essay Example Some of its political elements include mockery of the worst aspect of slavery such as the dozens (slave auctions) and battling (putting someone else down through poetry). In hip hop, African Americans found a medium to express their message, similar to the jazz music of the earlier decades to vent their frustrations against widespread racial discrimination and their marginalization in American society which only lately has been rectified by laws. In a sense, hip hop music and its accompanying culture is closely related to another and unique newly-invented black American form of expression which is slam poetry. Many people are not familiar with this new art form of spoken poetry but blacks were the first to popularize a more vibrant form of poetry reading, where it assumes the form of a performance act done on the stage and in full view of the public. Poets not only read out aloud their compositions but also act out their poems messages in a convincing and entertaining manner. Both hip hop and def poetry (as slam poetry is oftentimes alternatively called) share a common characteristic of free verse. It had a similar provenance from another black American musical art form which is reggae. Both forms of artistic expressions employ a rhythmic cadence that is pleasing to the ear and the mind; these forms exhibit creativity, originality and imaginative composition. In a sense, both are also considered as performance arts (Aptowics, 2008, 213) in which the singer or poet, as the case may be, has to dress for the part and employ a variety of props such as an appropriate dress, composure, tone of voice, manner of delivery, posture and non-verbal body language such as hand gestures or facial expressions. What I like most about hip hop and its culture is an ability to compose lyrics not constrained by meter, indentation or format; this is

Compare and contrast the development of Ecuadors indigenous political Essay

Compare and contrast the development of Ecuadors indigenous political movement with the development of nationalism throughtout south america in the 20th century - Essay Example It was in the fag end of 19th century that South America went through a process of modernization and nationalism emerged as a new shade in its socio-political horizon1. This is what Snyder2 has called as the â€Å"transformation of nationalism from its oligarchic to a new populist form.† The Latin American countries rapidly modernized their infrastructure, transportation facilities grew, industries mushroomed, and there was a change over from â€Å"feudal agrarianism to urban industrialism.† 3 But this was not the case in Ecuador. A transformation similar to what happened in Chile, Argentina or Mexico came into Ecuador only in 1970s. Even when the change came, it was not based on bourgeois nationalism as it was the case in almost all other South American countries. Ecuador had largely remained a feudal agrarian nation until the third half of 20th century. King 4 has observed that the indigenous political movement in Ecuador has been a consequence of the revelation in 19 70s that that this land had rich petroleum resources. Once, the outside pressure mounted to exploit those resources, the economic and cultural well being of the native people came under threat 5 It was out of this struggle for survival that one of the world’s strongest political movements emerged. 6 The development of a politically active and aware middle class was another phenomenon that Latin American countries witnessed in 20th century.7 In the first half of the 20th century, the whole of Latin America had seen a fresh revival of active political movements. 8 But at that time, Ecuador was not moved by that social dynamics9. The movement that shook Latin America had roots in ethnicity and was called the indigenista movement 10. All the same it had derived its essence from the European enlightenment as well11 And this movement was anchored on nationalism and bourgeois

Human Rights And Global Justice

Human Rights And Global Justice The principle of human rights aims to identify the fundamentals required by each individual to live in a good life. The emergence and success of human rights are emphasized by three allied features; human rights are distinctively modern, are a political invention and are inherently revolutionary. To say that human rights are a distinctively recent construction does not refute the long history of values which have facilitated human rights into becoming the leading idealism it is today. Until a few centuries ago, a vast majority of political philosophers held the stance that rights were natural, god-given and self evident. Thus this essay will focus explicitly on the three allied features to explain how the nature of human rights is neither grounded in eternal truth or self evident. It will also look at significant figures involved in drafting the current ideas of human rights. Lastly, it will then proceed to demonstrate that only in recent times that it has become agreeable that right s are social constructs, open and subject to change determined by evolution of society. (www.huppi.com/kangaroo/L-rights.html) The emergence of human rights is primarily due to societys reaction to ideas of natural and revolutionary rights. Natural rights are those rights allowing one to act as an individual for his own comfort and happiness, in a manner which does not affect the natural rights of others. These were seen as undeniable rights, rights that individuals intrinsically possess, which cannot be revoked by anyone. Natural rights were also juxtaposed heavily to the laws of nature. The comparison of the rights to the laws of nature however proves to be rather flawed. Laws of nature cannot be violated, yet for centuries, the human rights of people have been breached through situations in instances such as war and slavery. (introduction, Inventing Human Right: A history (New York: Norton, 2007) The modern era of human rights stress two significant concepts; the concept of human rights which dominated Europe during the Eighteenth-century (and societies to follow ) and the idea that peoples rights were determined by god. The concept of rights during the Eighteenth century was anchored by hierarchical establishments whereby rights were pertained to social classes rather than an individual. Right of citizens were not based on a liberal concept of society, natural law and human reason, but based on the conception that those capable of human reason posses rights. In other words, only those from higher classes were capable of reason, and thus, capable of possessing human rights. Interestingly, this contradicts our understanding of universal human rights. All human beings by virtue have certain fundamental rights; in an ideal world, these fundamental rights cannot be taken away from any one person; there is nothing one can do to deprive others of these rights. Disturbingly however, Those who confidently declared rights to be universal in the late eighteenth century excluded from political process those without property, slaves, and free blacks and in some cases, religious minorities. This raises the question of whether these declarations in fact contained any real emancipatory meaning. (introduction, Inventing Human Right: A history (New York: Norton, 2007) Although it can be argued that founders and declarers can be judged discriminatory for their inability to consider everyone truly equal in rights, their actions were what essentially prompted the political invention of human rights. Human rights are, debatably, a product of political invention rather than a result of societal evolution. Monarchist Hobbes and philosopher Locke are two predominant figures .Hobbes innovation was to suggest that by state of nature all individual should be viewed as equal however be subject to an all powerful ruler in order to prevent anarchy. In direct contrast, Lockes interpreted this to potentially justify political revolution by making authorities dependant on Governments consent. Lockes perception that political powers were better off lying in the consent of government rather than in the consent of divine authority ensured that human rights remain protected. Lockes argued that the whole objective of government was to protect and maintain public rights; the state could never have the power to destroy or impoverish its subject. If in the case a government begins to do this and breaches the contract, people have a right to replace it. This, in turn, imposed limits on what rulers co uld do, and limited the power that rulers could exercise, ensuring yet again that human rights were not violated. This resulted in a profound transformation in societys reactions to natural rights. As human rights emerged into a more modern form, allowed the fostering of humanism, rationalism and individualism, which is now embodied in modern human rights. Through its reliance on reason as a justification, human rights ultimately transcend and thus threaten traditional values and beliefs, grounded in eternal truth. (introduction, Inventing Human Right: A history (New York: Norton, 2007) Rights were often seen as god-given and self-evident. Thomas Jefferson, in the declaration of Independence declared that we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among them are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In saying that, Jefferson is essentially saying that human rights are god given and self-evident. Had Jefferson provided an adequate explanation for his claim, the self-evidence of the claim would have evaporated as an assertion which requires argument. Jefferson sidestepped this by simply claiming that rights are self-evident. The mere fact that ongoing debate still exists in regards to Jeffersons declaration, shows that Human Rights are anything but obvious. (introduction, Inventing Human Right: A history (New York: Norton, 2007) Human rights exist not just because of reason, but also because of emotion. In this sense, rights thus are not found, but depend on the shift of emotional regimes and the means by which society sees others within themselves and society as a whole. In respect to the act of torture, much of our response to torture is a result of the emotional response and what anti-torture organizations play on our emotions. The practice of torture has a long history in the worlds democracy dating back from ancient Greece to Rome. Throughout history, torture has often been used as a method of political re-education and coercion, being carried out on government orders to those who had committed the more serious crimes. Torture was performed in public to demonstrate the consequences other citizen would also encounter if they decide to perform the same deed. Nevertheless, as people developed the ability to look beyond social boundary and see others as people who shared the same moral universe, a profound transformation occurred through which, people adopted an emotional lead that torture was a violation of ones basic human rights. This shows that Human rights are subject to revision and change as circumstances changes, more specifically, where there exists a psychological shift in the way people understand the concept of equality and fair justice. Human rights thus were an invention not because of philosophers and revolutionaries logically derived them from first principle, but rather as a result of the acceptance of equality, regardless of social status and order. Critiques of figures such as Jefferson have had a lasting repercussion on the understanding of human rights. The tension which exists between individual rights and social responsibility is an ongoing tension, something which influences human rights today, yet again showing that rights are not at all self-evident. They are without doubt a reason construction, subject to change determined by the evolution of societys moral values. QUESTION 3 Human rights is an interdisciplinary quest through which various theories of knowledge in field such as medicine, political sciences, law and history contribute to each other and form a more comprehensive understand of what rights and wrongs. The rise of concerns in respect collective rights, not just the right to self determination and protections against discrimination, but also rights to live in a secure society, clean environment, food and basic human needs shapes our political perspective of what encompasses human rights. A broader understanding of human rights further facilitates in enabling experts in fields of law and medicine to create convincing theories and enforce standards to protect its violations in respect to mental health and female circumcision. A comprehensive understanding of human rights assists in regulating the relationship between individuals and public authorities such as medical professionals. The primary purpose of practioners is to provide care. The world medical association, in its Declaration of Tokyo, advocates that it is the privilege of the physician to practice medicine in the service of humanity, to preserve and restore bodily and mental health without distinction as to person. Violations of these practices, undertaken in the forms of torture, rape and genocide or inadequate health care can have an adverse effect on a persons mental health. The complementary nature between mental disability and the rights of humans positions human rights to serve as a tool to safeguard and promote the rights and welfare of persons with mental disability. Through the implementation of these rights, medical professionals are given a sense of guidance as to what is meant by accepted good practice and the necessity to act in the interest of patients; especially in the case of treating those with mental disability. Doctors finding on what factors trigger mental disability, whether it be inside or outside governments control allows states to ensure rights arent being breached, or improve the standard of care where needed. (Declaration of Tokyo, Human Rights and Global justice student reading guide, page 176) Complementing the medical perspective (who diagnose the factors resulting in mental health) the states are required to improve the meant health of individuals by providing decent economical facilities such as hospital-based treatment. The idea of human rights does not rely on government beneficences but rather asserts that these rights and freedoms are possessed by people simply as a result of their humanity; they are neither granted nor can they be denied by government. However, International human rights, an evolving body of law holds the promise for advancing the welfare of rights of a person with disabilities through providing fundamental rights to fairness and protection from governmental interference with autonomy, bodily integrity and liberty. (Beyond moral claims: A human rights approach to mental health, medicalization of female circumcision) Another instance in which an understanding of human rights integrates into the works of both medical professionals and the law is the practice of female circumcision. Challenges to the practice of female circumcision as a violation of human rights can be taken on through both a legal and medical perspective. Although legislations prohibiting the act of female genital cutting were introduced in Guinea in 1965, prosecutions under the law in regards to this practice were rare. This was primarily a result of sexuality being a private issue and sexual behaviour being largely determined by cultural beliefs. In most cases, those who have been subject to circumcision often felt morally or socially accepted proceeding the event, and argue that the practice does not breach violations of human rights. In this circumstance, it cannot be argued that those involved are opposed to the practice of circumcision. However, through the argument of right to health, an act which considers female circumcis ing to produce menacing health problems presents the means by which the womens right to health were being breached. Beyond moral claims: A human rights approach to mental health, medicalization of female circumcision) Thus it can be seen, in order to gain a comprehensive understanding whether human rights are being breached, one must not only be knowledgeable in any particular field, but have a collective idea of rights based on these disciplines. Both the legal and medical understandings of factors resulting in mental health ensure that both the needs of those with mental health are met in a medical environment whilst ensuring that their fundamental rights to freedom and healthcare are not violated. Similarly, in the case of female circumcise, both legal and medical implications must be understood in order for convincing theories to be derived in regards to the health and further enforce standards to protect violations of basic human rights.

Flannery O’Connor Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Flannery O’Connor Mary Flannery O’Connor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia. She was an only child, and her parents were deeply religious Roman Catholics. She was educated at the Women’s College of Georgia and the State University of Iowa. While she was at college, she wrote short stories which were published. During this time her father died of lupus, a blood disease that would eventually claim her life as well. After she was diagnosed, she moved to Milledgville, Georgia, for treatment of the disease. She continued writing and published two novels, Wise Blood and The Violent Bear it Away, as well as two collections of short stories, A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge. She died from Lupus in 1964 (Charters, 1079). The short story "Everything That Rises Must Converge" centers on the relationship between Julian, a young man who has recently graduated from college, and his mother. It takes place in a city in the South soon after integration. Much like Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s "A Rose for Emily," Julian’s mother is a product of the "Old South." She takes tremendous pride in her heritage due to the fact that her ancestors were people who were once very highly respected. Her grandfather was a former state governor as well as a plantation and slave owner. Julian sees his mother as a dinosaur who is a product of the past and cannot see and accept the realities of the present. The fact that she clings to her old values embarrasses him, and he sees her more as a child who does not know any better. The plot of the story revolves around a bus trip that Julian and his mother take. Once a week, Julian’s mother goes to the local Y for her "reducing" class. Julian accompanies her on the bu... ...involving the confrontation between the mother and her son, Julian seizes the opportunity to berate his mother so she can see how ignorant she is and how he has elevated himself to a status higher than hers. Tragically, this incident leads to his mother’s stroke. It is only at this moment of his mother’s helplessness that all three worlds collide together. Julian’s world of self-righteousness and his mother’s world of self-importance are shattered by the world of reality. Only then is truth apparent to all of the characters in the story. Works Cited Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short Fiction. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 1999. O'Connor, Flannery. "Everything That Rises Must Converge." The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short Fiction. Ed. Ann Charters. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 1999. 1080-1091.